Last updated: 11/27/07

Student Projects

The projects described here are each simple enough that they may be assigned to undergraduates taking a first heat transfer course. They may be implemented using MS Excel or some other user-friendly computational package. Thorough (4-6 pages) instructions for each of the first six were included in the first edition of Heat Transfer Tools and seven of the first eight have been assigned in MAE 314 - Heat and Mass Transfer. They will all be included in Heat Transfer Today when it is published in 2009.

1. One-dimensional, Steady-state Conduction in Composite Systems. A complete write-up for this project, which studies steady-state conduction in series/parallel configurations, such as are used in conventional stud-wall (balloon) residential construction, may be viewed on the Amazon website. The discussion includes both the planar isotherm model and the straight-line heat flux model. A similar insulating arrangement is seen to the right in this 1950’s photograph of a DC-6 aircraft interior.

2. Mr. Jefferson’s Monticello Problem. This project involves a finite-difference calculation of transient conduction in a slab subject to a time-varying convective boundary condition at one surface. In this case the slab corresponds to a wall of Monticello, which consists of 16” of solid brick with a 1” layer of plaster on the inside. The outside surface is assumed to be unshaded, so we use the diurnal variation of the Tsolair value corresponding to a dark-colored, west facing surface in July. While the “R” value (conductive resistance) of this brick layer is quite low, the enormous effect of the thermal mass is very apparent in the computed results. (Writeup)

3. Sandwich Wall Construction. A 21^st century improvement on Monticello’s construction, the Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) house includes both thermal mass and thermal resistance. Polystyrene foam sheets about 3” thick are used as forms when the concrete is poured, but unlike conventional plywood forms, are left in place permanently. Conventional wall finishes are used over the Styrofoam both outside and inside. This sandwich configuration yields both energy storage and thermal resistance in one package. Slightly under 2% of new homes built in the U.S. in 1998 used ICF construction.

a. PowerPoint Show

b. International Solar Energy Conference 2004 Paper

c. Writeup

4. Transient Conduction at the Interface between Two Materials. In this project we model a finger touching a hot material as a, one-dimensional, transient conduction problem. We test flesh-soapstone, flesh-cast iron and flesh-Space Shuttle tile (shown at right) and compare and contrast the resulting behavior. The interface between the flesh and other material provides an interesting numerical challenge for students, as do the significantly different thermal properties of the three hot materials. (Write-up)

5. Convective Heat and Mass Transfer from a Runner. This problem is an embellishment of the common textbook problem of approximating a runner as a cylinder in cross-flow. We compute both the sensible and latent heat transfer as a function of the runner’s speed relative to the wind, ambient air temperature and relative humidity. The air and water property functions Excel/VBA workbook makes it a simple matter to test a wide range of parameters without having to look up all the needed properties (some 11 of them) manually.

6. Transmissivity of Glass. Here we use tabulated spectral values to compute the total transmissivity of regular glass and “Low E” glass to both solar (short wavelength) and terrestrial radiation. The required integration is done using Simpson’s 1/3 Rule, and the resulting values are compared with values obtained using the tabulated blackbody radiation functions in conjunction with a simple “hat” approximation of the actual curves seen to the right.

New Projects ready to be included in Heat Transfer Today:

7. Mr. Washington’s Dung Repository.   Here we provide some design guidance for our first President by solving analytically the one-dimensional, steady-state conduction equation with volumetric generation. The volumetric heat generation comes from the composting of manure and other organic matter. The actual structure at Mount Vernon, Virginia was rebuilt to Mr. Washington’s 1787 design in 2001.

a. PowerPoint Introduction

b. Complete Write-up

8. Evaporative Cooling of Water in a Lister Bag. In this project we approximate the water-containing, semi-permeable, canvas bag as a “lumped capacitance” and use standard forced convection correlations for a cylinder in crossflow to find the sensible and latent heat transfer (the latter associated with evaporation from the outer surface to the bag). With this information we predict the temperature-time history of the water as a function of atmospheric conditions including wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity. This project makes extensive use of the air-water property spreadsheet in HTT.

9. Network analysis for steady-state and transient conduction and for radiative exchange. This workbook allows the user to draw resistors (and capacitors) for representing a thermal system and then apply Excel’s equation-solving features to the resulting equations and plot the solution. The simple example illustrated here is for steady-state conduction through a SIPS

(Structural Insulated Panel) used in residential construction. The core is expanded polystyrene while the outer layers are oriented strand board (OSB). A similar construction using cement rather than OSB for the outer layers has been proposed for use in earthquake-prone countries such as Afghanistan (Armstrong, D., “Foam Home,” Forbes, June 21, 2004)

Graduate-Level Projects

Very thorough implementation instructions (4-8 pages) for the projects listed below are included as “pdf” files on the HTT CD-ROM. These projects are suitable for assignment in an advanced undergraduate or early graduate level course in computational heat transfer or computational fluid dynamics. The algorithms used are in many cases the basis for one of the ten HTT modules. In many cases these project write-ups have been developed for use in MAE 672 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer.

1. Extended surface heat transfer

2. Self-similar boundary layer flows

3. Laminar forced convection on a flat plate

4. Laminar, thermal entry length heat transfer

5. Turbulent pipe flow

6. Natural convection within a porous layer – vorticity/streamfunction formulation

7. Natural convection within a porous layer – primitive variable formulation

8. Rayleigh-Benard convection using primitive variables

9. One-dimensional heat exchangers

10. Two-dimensional heat exchangers

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